레이블이 Debts Written Off인 게시물을 표시합니다. 모든 게시물 표시

2013년 11월 25일 월요일

오후 9:25

By Anabel Buske

In: Debts Written Off

About 'bad debt written off'|Writing Off Bad Debt.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｖｅｒｙ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔａｋｅ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｎｄｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               ｌａｗｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｐｐｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｙ               ｖａｒｙ               ｓｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｓｔａｔｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｔａｔｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｌａｗｓ               ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｓ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｆａｌｌ               ｉｎｔｏ               ａ               ｇｒａｙ               ａｒｅａ,               ａｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｆｏｌｌｏｗ               ｓｏｍｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ.

Ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｗｈｏ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔ               ａｆｆｉｌｉａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.

Ｍｏｓｔ               ｌｅｎｄｅｒｓ               ｐｒｅｆｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｏｒ               ｗｉｌｌ               ｒｅｓｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｉｎｇ               ｏｎｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔｓ               ａｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｎｇ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｕｎｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌ.

Ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ａｓｋｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               ｙｅａｒｓ,               "Ｈｏｗ               ｄｏ               Ｉ               ｇｅｔ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｓ               ｏｆｆ               ｏｆ               ｍｙ               ｂａｃｋ?"               Ｗｈａｔ               Ｔｈｉｒｄ               Ｐａｒｔｙ               Ｄｅｂｔ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｓ               ａｒｅ               Ｎｏｔ               Ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｄｏ.
               Ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｈａｄ               ｓｔｒｉｃｔ               ｒｕｌｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ａｄｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               ａｎｄ               ｆａｉｌｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｓｏ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｉｎ               ｆｉｎｅｓ,               ｐｅｎａｌｔｉｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｌａｗｓｕｉｔｓ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ.

Ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｏｕｒｓ               ｏｆ               8ａｍ               ａｎｄ               9ｐｍ,               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｔｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.
               Ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒｓ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｌａｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｍｅｎｔ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｈａｓ               ｎｏｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｄｉａｌｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｄｅｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｃｏｕｌｄ               ｓｕｆｆｅｒ               ｄｉｓｃｉｐｌｉｎａｒｙ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｌｌｓ               ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅ.
               Ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ａｎｙ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｗｎｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｈａｓ               ｓｔａｔｅｄ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｉｎｃｕｒ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ               ａｓ               ａ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃａｌｌ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｍａｙ               ａｓｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ               ｉｎ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ.

Ｉｆ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｄｏ,               ｂｅ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｐｌｙ.
               Ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ｍａｙ               ｓｐｅａｋ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ,               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｓｐｏｕｓｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｐｏｗｅｒ               ｏｆ               ａｔｔｏｒｎｅｙ,               ａｓ               ｌｏｎｇ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｈａｓ               ａ               ＰＯＡ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｏｎ               ｆｉｌｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.

Ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｅｘｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｌａｗ               ｉｓ               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｍｉｎｏｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｓｔａｔｅ.

Ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ａｎｓｗｅｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ               ａｓ               ａｎｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｏｓｅ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｍａｙ               ｌｅａｖｅ               ａ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ,               ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｉｎ               ａｎｙｗａｙ               ｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ.

Ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ,               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｎａｍｅ               ｉｓ               Ｓｔｒａｔｅｇｉｃ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎｓ               Ｉｎｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅｄ,               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｔ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｔｈａｔ               ｎａｍｅ,               ｂｕｔ               ｍａｙ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｓａｙ               "ＳＣＩ"               ａｎｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ａｒｅ               ｃａｌｌｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｓ               ｔｏ               "ａ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ",               ｆｏｒ               ｅｘａｍｐｌｅ.
               Ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               ｃａｌｌ               ａｇｅｎｔ               ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｅａｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ａ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ               ｓａｙｓ               "Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｓａｉｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅｙ               ｔｏｏｋ               ｃａｒｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈａｔ!

Ｃａｌｌ               'Ｆｉｎｋ               Ｓｈｏｐ               Ｍａｒｔ'               ａｎｄ               ａｓｋ               ｔｈｅｍ!',               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｄｏ               ｓｏ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｖｉｏｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｐｒｉｖａｃｙ               ｌａｗｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｓｏ.
               Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ｍａｙ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｓｅ               ｐｒｏｆａｎｅ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｒｅａｔｅｎｉｎｇ               ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ               ｔｏｗａｒｄｓ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｈｕｇｅ               "Ｎｏ-Ｎｏ"               ａｎｄ               ｉｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ａ               ｖｉｏｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｌａｗ.

Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｋｉｎｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｕｎｅｔｈｉｃａｌ               ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔａｃｔｉｃｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｇｉｖｅ               ｇｏｏｄ               ａｎｄ               ｅｔｈｉｃａｌ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔｓ               ａ               ｂａｄ               ｒａｐ.
               Ｈｏｗ               ｔｏ               Ｇｅｔ               Ｒｉｄ               ｏｆ               Ａｎｎｏｙｉｎｇ               Ｄｅｂｔ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒｓ
               Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｓｔ               ｗａｙ               ｔｏ               ｇｅｔ               ｒｉｄ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｎｎｏｙｉｎｇ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｏｒ               ｉｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｓ               ｔｏ               ａ               ｖａｌｉｄ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｉｓ               ｓｉｍｐｌｙ               ｂｙ               ｐａｙｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ.

Ｓｏｍｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｍａｙ               ａｌｌｏｗ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｗｏｒｋ               ｗｉｔｈ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ａ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｔｏｔａｌ               ｌｕｍｐ               ｓｕｍ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔ               ｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ               ａ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔ               ｐｌａｎ.

Ｄｏ               ｎｏｔ               ｂｅ               ｓｕｒｐｒｉｓｅｄ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｉｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ.
               Ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ａｒｅ               ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｌｌ,               ａｓｋ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｙｏｕ               ａ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｎｏｔｉｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｃｏｍｐｌｙ.

Ｖｅｒｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｖａｌｉｄｉｔｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｉｌｌ.

Ｉｆ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ,               ｃａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｔｏ               ｎｏｔｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａｎｄ               ｂｅ               ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅｍ               ａ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｄｉｓｐｕｔｅ,               ｈｉｇｈｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｗｈｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｉｎｃｏｒｒｅｃｔ.

Ｂｅ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｃｏｐｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｙｏｕｒｓｅｌｆ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｍａｉｌ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｒｅｔｕｒｎ               ｒｅｃｅｉｐｔ.

Ｉｆ               ｉｔ               ａｐｐｅａｒｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ａｎ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ               ｔｈｅｆｔ               ｏｒ               ｆｒａｕｄ,               ｂｅ               ｐｒｅｐａｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ａｌｌ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｄｏｃｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇ               ａ               ｃｏｐｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｏｌｉｃｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｏｒ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇ               ｗｈｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｉｓ               ｆｉｌｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｎｃｉｄｅｎｔ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ.
               Ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ｄｅｓｉｒｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｅａｓｅ               ｅｎｔｉｒｅｌｙ,               ｙｏｕ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｎｏｔｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｉｎ               ｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈａｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｎｏ               ｌｏｎｇｅｒ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｙｏｕ               ｖｉａ               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ.

Ｂｅ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｉｎｃｌｕｄｅ               ａｎｙ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ｏｐｅｎ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ａｓ               ｗｅｌｌ               ａｓ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｎａｍｅ               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｌｅｐｈｏｎｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ               ｍａｙ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｂｙ               ｐｈｏｎｅ               ａｔ               ｌｅａｓｔ               ｏｎｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,               ｐｅｒ               ｒｅａｃｈ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ.

Ｂｅ               ｓｕｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｍａｋｅ               ａ               ｃｏｐｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｔｏ               ｋｅｅｐ               ｆｏｒ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ｏｕｔ               ｂｙ               ｃｅｒｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｍａｉｌ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｈａｓ               ｔｈｉｒｔｙ               ｄａｙｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｐｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｕｐｄａｔｅ               ａｌｌ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ,               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｉｍｅ,               ｔｏ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ.
               Ｗｈａｔ               Ｅｌｓｅ               Ｓｈｏｕｌｄ               ｉｓ               Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｔｏ               Ｋｎｏｗ?
               Ａ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｐｈｏｎｉｎｇ               ｙｏｕｒ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒ               ｓｉｘ               ｔｉｍｅｓ               ａ               ｄａｙ               ｂｕｔ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ               ｎｏ               ａｎｓｗｅｒ               ｄｏｅｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｈａｒａｓｓｍｅｎｔ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｆｏｒ               ｃａｌｌｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｅａｓｅ,               ｔｈｅｙ               ｍｕｓｔ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｂｅ               ｎｏｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｌｉｋｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｏｐ,               ｂｕｔ               ｉｔ'ｓ               ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｏ               ｔｈａｔ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｏｒ               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｉｎｇ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｎｏｔｉｃｅ.
               Ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｍａｙ               ｌｅｇａｌｌｙ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ｏｔｈｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ａｎ               ａｔｔｅｍｐｔ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｔａｃｔ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.

Ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               ｓｋｉｐ               ｔｒａｃｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｌｅｇａｌ               ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅ.

Ｗｈａｔ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｅｇａｌ,               ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ,               ｉｓ               ａ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐａｒｔｙ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｔ               ｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｔｏ               ｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｓ.
               Ｆｏｒ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｉｒ               Ｄｅｂｔ               Ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ               Ａｃｔ,               ｖｉｓｉｔ               ｔｈｅ               ＦＴＣ'ｓ               ＦＤＣＰＡ               ｐａｇｅ               ｈｅｒｅ.

Ｉｆ               ｙｏｕ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｉｃｔｉｍ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ａｂｕｓｅ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔｉｏｎ               ａｇｅｎｃｙ               ｏｒ               ａｇｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ＦＴＣ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ａｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｈｅｌｐ               ｙｏｕ.

Ｖｉｓｉｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｅｄｅｒａｌ               Ｔｒａｄｅ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ               ｗｅｂｓｉｔｅ               ｔｏ               ｌｅａｒｎ               ｍｏｒｅ.

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2013년 11월 23일 토요일

오후 6:24

By Anabel Buske

In: Debts Written Off

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About 'bad debts written off'|Writing of Bad Debts: Commercial judgment given primacy

Ｉ.

ＯＶＥＲＶＩＥＷ               Ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｗａｋｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ               11               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳＡ,               ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ               ｗａｓ               ｄｒａｗｎ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ａｇｅ-ｏｌｄ,               ｓｅｃｒｅｔｉｖｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｇｌｏｂｅ-ｓｐａｎｎｉｎｇ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ａｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               "Ｈａｗａｌａ"               (ｔｏ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ,               ｉｎ               Ａｒａｂｉｃ).

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｏｎ               ａ               ｓｈｏｒｔ               ｔｅｒｍ,               ｄｉｓｃｏｕｎｔａｂｌｅ,               ｎｅｇｏｔｉａｂｌｅ,               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｓｏｒｙ               ｎｏｔｅ               (ｏｒ               ｂｉｌｌ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ)               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               "Ｈｕｎｄｉ".

Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｌｉｍｉｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               Ｍｏｓｌｅｍｓ,               ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ｃｏｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ｗｉｔｈ               "Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ".
               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｌａｗ               (Ｓｈａｒｉａ'ａ)               ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｓ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆｉｑｈ               Ａｌ               Ｍｕａ'ｍａｌａｔ,               (ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｍｏｎｇｓｔ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ).

Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｖｅｒｓｅｅｎ               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｈａｒｉ'ａ               Ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒｙ               Ｂｏａｒｄ               ｏｆ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｎｄ               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ("Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｈａｒｉ'ａ               Ｃｏｍｍｉｔｔｅｅ").
               Ｔｈｅ               Ｓｈｉ'ａ               "Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｌａｗｓ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ｆａｔａｗａ               ｏｆ               Ａｙａｔｕｌｌａｈ               ａｌ               Ｕｚａｍａ               Ｓｙｅｄ               Ａｌｉ               ａｌ-Ｈｕｓａｉｎｉ               Ｓｅｅｓｔａｎｉ"               ｈａｓ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｔｏ               ｓａｙ               ａｂｏｕｔ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ:
               "2298.

Ｉｆ               ａ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ               ｄｉｒｅｃｔｓ               ｈｉｓ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｌｌｅｃｔ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒ               ａｃｃｅｐｔｓ               ｔｈｅ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｔｈｉｒｄ               ｐｅｒｓｏｎ               ｗｉｌｌ,               ｏｎ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ               ｌａｔｅｒ,               ｂｅｃｏｍｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅａｆｔｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｅｄｉｔｏｒ               ｃａｎｎｏｔ               ｄｅｍａｎｄ               ｈｉｓ               ｄｅｂｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｄｅｂｔｏｒ."
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｐｈｅｔ               Ｍｕｈａｍｍａｄ               (ａ               ｃｒｏｓｓ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｒａｄｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｏｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ               ｂｙ               ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎ)               ｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｇｏｏｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ.

Ｎｕｍｅｒｏｕｓ               Ｍｏｓｌｅｍ               ｓｃｈｏｌａｒｓ               ｒａｉｌｅｄ               ａｇａｉｎｓｔ               ｈｏａｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｈａｒｍｆｕｌ               ｓｐｅｃｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               (ｍａｒｋｅｔ               ｃｏｒｎｅｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｉｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｋｎｏｗｎ               ａｓ               "Ｇｈａｒａｒ").

Ｍｏｓｌｅｍｓ               ｗｅｒｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｒｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｓｅ               ｐｒｏｍｉｓｓｏｒｙ               ｎｏｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｓｓｉｇｎｍｅｎｔ,               ｏｒ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｂｔｓ               ｖｉａ               ｂｉｌｌｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ               ("Ｈａｗａｌａ").

Ａｍｏｎｇ               ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ,               ｏｎｌｙ               ｆｌｏａｔｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ,               ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ,               ｕｎｃｅｒｔａｉｎ,               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔｓ               ("Ｒｉｂａ"               ａｎｄ               "Ｊａｈａｌａ"),               ｆｕｔｕｒｅｓ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｏｒｆｅｉｔｉｎｇ               ａｒｅ               ｆｒｏｗｎｅｄ               ｕｐｏｎ.

Ｂｕｔ               ａｇｉｌｅ               Ｍｏｓｌｅｍ               ｔｒａｄｅｒｓ               ｅａｓｉｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｖｅｎｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓ               ｒｅｓｔｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂｙ               ｃｒｅａｔｉｎｇ               "ｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃ               Ｍｕｒａｂａｈａ               (ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ)"               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ               ｔｏ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               ｆｏｒｗａｒｄ               ａｎｄ               ｆｕｔｕｒｅｓ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ.

Ａｃｔｕａｌｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ａｌｌｏｗｅｄ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｒ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｏｆ               ｄｅｂｔｓ               (ａｓ               ｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｄｅｒｌｙｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｇｏｏｄｓ)               ｉｓ               ｕｎｄｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ.
               "Ｈａｗａｌａ"               ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｒｉｎｇ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               (ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               ｏｒｄｅｒ               ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｔａｘｅｓ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｂｒｉｂｅ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ)               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ               ｏｒ               ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｆｕｎｄｓ.

Ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｃｈａｎｇｅｒｓ               ("Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒ")               ｒｅｃｅｉｖｅ               ｃａｓｈ               ｉｎ               ｏｎｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ,               ｎｏ               ｑｕｅｓｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｓｋｅｄ.

Ｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｔ               ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ               ｉｎ               ａｎｏｔｈｅｒ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｄｉｓｐｅｎｓｅ               ａｎ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｃａｌ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               (ｍｉｎｕｓ               ｍｉｎｉｍａｌ               ｆｅｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ)               ｔｏ               ａ               ｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔ               ｏｒ,               ｌｅｓｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ,               ｔｏ               ａ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ.

Ｅ-ｍａｉｌ,               ｏｒ               ｌｅｔｔｅｒ               ("Ｈｕｎｄｉ")               ｃａｒｒｙｉｎｇ               ｃｏｕｒｉｅｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｎｖｅｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               (ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｍｏｎｅｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｄａｔｅ               ｉｔ               ｈａｓ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｐａｉｄ               ｏｎ)               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｎｄｅｒ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｏｄｅ               ｗｏｒｄｓ               (ｏｒ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｅｒｉａｌ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｙ               ｎｏｔｅｓ),               ａ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｅｎｃｒｙｐｔｅｄ               ｍｅｓｓａｇｅ,               ｏｒ               ａｇｒｅｅｄ               ｓｉｇｎａｌｓ               (ｌｉｋｅ               ｈａｎｄｓｈａｋｅｓ),               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ.

Ｂｉｇ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ               ｕｓｅ               ａ               ｃｈａｉｎ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｄｄｌｅｍｅｎ               ｉｎ               ｃｉｔｉｅｓ               ａｒｏｕｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｌｏｂｅ.
               Ｂｕｔ               ｍｏｓｔ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅｉｒ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｓｉｄｅｌｉｎｅ               ｏｒ               ｍｏｏｎｌｉｇｈｔｉｎｇ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ.

"Ｃｈｉｔｓ"               (ｖｅｒｂａｌ               ａｇｒｅｅｍｅｎｔｓ)               ｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ               ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ.

Ｉｎ               ｂｉｇｇｅｒ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｈｕｍａｎ               "ｍｅｍｏｒｉｚｅｒｓ"               ｗｈｏ               ｓｅｒｖｅ               ａｓ               ａｒｂｉｔｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               ｃａｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｄｉｓｐｕｔｅ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｓ               ｕｎｂｏｕｎｄｅｄ               ｔｒｕｓｔ.

Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｍｅｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｓａｍｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｙ,               ｖｉｌｌａｇｅ,               ｃｌａｎ,               ｏｒ               ｅｔｈｎｉｃ               ｇｒｏｕｐ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｏｌｄｅｒ               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｎｃｉｅｎｔ               Ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ               ｈａｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｏｗｎ               "Ｈａｗａｌａ"               -               "ｆｅｉ               ｑｉａｎ"               (ｏｒ               "ｆｌｙｉｎｇ               ｍｏｎｅｙ").

Ａｒａｂ               ｔｒａｄｅｒｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｉｔ               ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ｒｏｂｂｅｄ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｓｉｌｋ               Ｒｏａｄ.

Ｃｈｅａｔｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｐｕｎｉｓｈｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｅｘ-ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               "ｌｏｓｓ               ｏｆ               ｈｏｎｏｕｒ"               -               ｔｈｅ               ｅｑｕｉｖａｌｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               ｄｅａｔｈ               ｓｅｎｔｅｎｃｅ.

Ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ               ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ               ｉｓ               ｒａｒｅｒ               ｂｕｔ               ｎｏｔ               ｕｎｈｅａｒｄ               ｏｆ.

Ｖｉｏｌｅｎｃｅ               ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ               ａｌｓｏ               ｅｒｕｐｔｓ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｒｅｃｉｐｉｅｎｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ｒｏｂｂｅｒｓ               ｗｈｏ               ａｒｅ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｕｇｅ               ｑｕａｎｔｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ               ｃａｓｈ               ｓｌｏｓｈｉｎｇ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ.

Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅｓｅ,               ｔｏｏ,               ａｒｅ               ｒａｒｅ               ｅｖｅｎｔｓ,               ａｓ               ｒａｒｅ               ａｓ               ｂａｎｋ               ｒｏｂｂｅｒｉｅｓ.

Ｏｎｅ               ｒｅｓｕｌｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ               ｓｏｃｉａｌ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｔｒａｄｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ａｓｉａ               ｓｈｉｆｔ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎｓ               ｏｆ               ＵＳ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ｐｅｒ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｓｏｌｅｌｙ               ｏｎ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｖｅｒｂａｌ               ｃｏｍｍｉｔｍｅｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｐａｒｔｓ.
               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ａｖｏｉｄ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｓ               ｄｕｔｉｅｓ,               ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ               ｔａｘｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               ｔｒａｄｅ-ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｌｅｖｉｅｓ.

Ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｒｓ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｅｒｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｌｏｗｅｒ               ｐｒｉｃｅｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｉｎｖｏｉｃｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｇｅｔ               ｐａｉｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ               ｖｉａ               Ｈａｗａｌａ.

Ｌｅｇｉｔｉｍａｔｅ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔａｘ               ｅｖａｓｉｏｎ               ｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｕｌｋ               ｏｆ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｍｏｄｅｒｎ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1960'ｓ               ａｎｄ               1970'ｓ               ｔｏ               ｃｉｒｃｕｍｖｅｎｔ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌ               ｂａｎｓ               ｏｎ               ｇｏｌｄ               ｉｍｐｏｒｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｈａｒｄ               ｅａｒｎｅｄ               ｗａｇｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｅｘｐａｔｒｉａｔｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｆａｍｉｌｉｅｓ               ("ｈｏｍｅ               ｒｅｍｉｔｔａｎｃｅｓ")               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ               ａｔ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｆａｖｏｕｒａｂｌｅ               (ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｄｏｕｂｌｅ)               ｔｈａｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ'ｓ.

Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｓ               ａ               ｃｈｅａｐ               (ｉｔ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｃ.

1%               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｒｅｄ),               ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｔ,               ａｎｄ               ｆｒｉｃｔｉｏｎｌｅｓｓ               ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｍｏｒｂｉｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔ               ｄｏｍｅｓｔｉｃ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ.

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ               Ｕｎｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｈｉ-ｔｅｃｈ               ｇｅａｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｏｒｂｉｔａｎｔ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｆｅｅｓ.
               Ｕｎｆｏｒｔｕｎａｔｅｌｙ,               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｈｉｊａｃｋｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｄ               ｂｙ               ｄｒｕｇ               ｔｒａｆｆｉｃｋｅｒｓ               (ｍａｉｎｌｙ               ｉｎ               Ａｆｇａｎｉｓｔａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ),               ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔ               ｏｆｆｉｃｉａｌｓ,               ｓｅｃｒｅｔ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ,               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｌａｕｎｄｅｒｅｒｓ,               ｏｒｇａｎｉｚｅｄ               ｃｒｉｍｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ.

Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎｉ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ａｌｏｎｅ               ｍｏｖｅ               ｕｐ               ｔｏ               5               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ＵＳ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ａｎｎｕａｌｌｙ               ａｃｃｏｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｏ               ｅｓｔｉｍａｔｅｓ               ｂｙ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ'ｓ               Ｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ,               Ｓｈａｕｋｕｔ               Ａｚｉｚ.

Ｉｎ               1999,               Ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｉｎｖｅｓｔｏｒ               Ｍａｇａｚｉｎｅ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ               1100               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｂｒｏｋｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｒａｎ               ａｓ               ｈｉｇｈ               ａｓ               10               ｍｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ＵＳ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ               ａｐｉｅｃｅ.

Ａｓ               ｏｐｐｏｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｓ,               ｍｏｓｔ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ａｒｅ               ｎｏｔ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ａｒａｂｓ,               ｂｕｔ               ｂｙ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎｉ               ｅｘｐａｔｒｉａｔｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｍｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｕｌｆ.

Ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｉｎ               Ｉｎｄｉａ               ｈａｓ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｂｒｕｔａｌｌｙ               ａｎｄ               ｒｕｔｈｌｅｓｓｌｙ               ｄｅｍｏｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｉｎｄｉｒａ               Ｇｈａｎｄｉ               (ｄｕｒｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｙ               ｒｅｇｉｍｅ               ｉｍｐｏｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               1975),               ｂｕｔ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｐｌａｙ               ａ               ｂｉｇ               ｐａｒｔ               ｉｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ.

Ｓｉｍｉｌａｒ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｉｎ               Ｓｒｉ               Ｌａｎｋａ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｐｉｎｅｓ,               ａｎｄ               Ｂａｎｇｌａｄｅｓｈ               ｈａｖｅ               ａｌｓｏ               ｂｅｅｎ               ｅｒａｄｉｃａｔｅｄ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ＯＥＣＤ'ｓ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ａｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｔａｓｋ               Ｆｏｒｃｅ               (ＦＡＴＦ)               ｓａｙｓ               ｔｈａｔ:
               "Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｒｅｍａｉｎｓ               ａ               ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔ               ｍｅｔｈｏｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｓ               ｏｆ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ｏｆ               ａｌｌ               ｓｉｚｅｓ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｄｉｖｉｄｕａｌｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐａｔｒｉａｔｅ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ａｎｄ               ｐｕｒｃｈａｓｅ               ｇｏｌｄ....

Ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｆａｖｏｕｒｅｄ               ｂｅｃａｕｓｅ               ｉｔ               ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｃｏｓｔｓ               ｌｅｓｓ               ｔｈａｎ               ｍｏｖｉｎｇ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｉｔ               ｏｐｅｒａｔｅｓ               24               ｈｏｕｒｓ               ｐｅｒ               ｄａｙ               ａｎｄ               ｅｖｅｒｙ               ｄａｙ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｙｅａｒ,               ｉｔ               ｉｓ               ｖｉｒｔｕａｌｌｙ               ｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙ               ｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅｒｅ               ｉｓ               ｍｉｎｉｍａｌ               ｐａｐｅｒｗｏｒｋ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｅｄ."
               (Ｏｒｇａｎｉｓａｔｉｏｎ               ｆｏｒ               Ｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃ               Ｃｏ-Ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               Ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ               (ＯＥＣＤ),               "Ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｏｎ               Ｍｏｎｅｙ               Ｌａｕｎｄｅｒｉｎｇ               Ｔｙｐｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ               1999-2000,"               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ａｃｔｉｏｎ               Ｔａｓｋ               Ｆｏｒｃｅ,               ＦＡＴＦ-ＸＩ,               Ｆｅｂｒｕａｒｙ               3,               2000,               ａｔ               ｈｔｔｐ://ｗｗｗ.ｏｅｃｄ.ｏｒｇ/ｆａｔｆ/ｐｄｆ/ＴＹ2000_ｅｎ.ｐｄｆ               )
               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ｃｌｏｓｅｌｙ               ｆｅｅｄ               ｉｎｔｏ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｔｒａｄｉｎｇ               ｉｎ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ａｓｉａ.

Ｔｈｅｒｅ               ａｒｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               200               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳＡ               ａｌｏｎｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍａｎｙ               ｔｈｏｕｓａｎｄｓ               ｉｎ               Ｅｕｒｏｐｅ,               Ｎｏｒｔｈ               ａｎｄ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ａｆｒｉｃａ,               Ｓａｕｄｉ               Ａｒａｂｉａ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｇｕｌｆ               ｓｔａｔｅｓ               (ｅｓｐｅｃｉａｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｒｅｅ               ｚｏｎｅ               ｏｆ               Ｄｕｂａｉ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎ               Ｂａｈｒａｉｎ),               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ,               Ｍａｌａｙｓｉａ,               Ｉｎｄｏｎｅｓｉａ,               ａｎｄ               ｏｔｈｅｒ               Ｓｏｕｔｈ               Ｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａｎ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ.

Ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｎｄ               ｏｆ               1998,               ｔｈｅ               ｏｖｅｒｔ               (ｒｅａｄ:               ｔｉｐ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｉｃｅｂｅｒｇ)               ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ａｍｏｕｎｔｅｄ               ｔｏ               148               ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎ               ＵＳ               ｄｏｌｌａｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅｙ               ｄａｂｂｌｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔ               ｌｅａｓｉｎｇ,               ｒｅａｌ               ｅｓｔａｔｅ               ｌｅａｓｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ,               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ               ｅｑｕｉｔｙ,               ａｎｄ               ｔｒａｄｅ/ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｄ               ｔｒａｄｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｉｅｓ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉｎｇ               (ｕｓｕａｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｃｏｎｓｏｒｔｉａ               ｃａｌｌｅｄ               "Ｍｕｄａｒａｂａ").
               Ｗｈｉｌｅ               ｐｒｅｖｉｏｕｓｌｙ               ｃｏｎｆｉｎｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｒａｂ               ｐｅｎｉｎｓｕｌａ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｓｏｕｔｈ               ａｎｄ               ｅａｓｔ               Ａｓｉａ,               ｔｈｉｓ               ｍｏｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｂｅｃａｍｅ               ｔｒｕｌｙ               ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               1970'ｓ,               ｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｕｎｐｒｅｃｅｄｅｎｔｅｄ               ｆｌｏｗ               ｏｆ               ｗｅａｌｔｈ               ｔｏ               ｍａｎｙ               Ｍｏｓｌｅｍ               ｎａｔｉｏｎｓ               ｄｕｅ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｉｌ               ｓｈｏｃｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｍｅｒｇｅｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｓｉａｎ               ｔｉｇｅｒｓ.

Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｊｏｉｎｅｄ               ｆｏｒｃｅｓ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｉｏｎｓ,               ｍｕｌｔｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｏｉｌ               ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ               ａｎｄ               ｄｒｉｌｌｉｎｇ,               ｍｉｎｉｎｇ,               ａｎｄ               ａｇｒｉｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ.

Ｍａｎｙ               ｌｅａｄｉｎｇ               ｌａｗ               ｆｉｒｍｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ               (ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               Ｎｏｒｔｏｎ               Ｒｏｓｅ,               Ｆｒｅｓｈｆｉｅｌｄｓ,               Ｃｌｙｄｅ               ａｎｄ               Ｃｏ.

ａｎｄ               Ｃｌｉｆｆｏｒｄ               Ｃｈａｎｃｅ)               ｈａｖｅ               "Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ"               ｔｅａｍｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ａｒｅ               ｆａｍｉｌｉａｒ               ｗｉｔｈ               Ｉｓｌａｍ-ｃｏｍｐａｔｉｂｌｅ               ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔｓ.
               ＩＩ.

ＨＡＷＡＬＡ               ＡＮＤ               ＴＥＲＲＯＲＩＳＭ
               Ｒｅｃｅｎｔ               ａｎｔｉ-ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳ               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＫ               ａｌｌｏｗｓ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ               ａｇｅｎｃｉｅｓ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｒｌｙ               ｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｓｐｅｃｔ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓｅｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ａｒｅ               ｓｕｓｐｅｃｔｅｄ               ｏｆ               ｂｅｉｎｇ               ａ               ｆｒｏｎｔ               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               ''Ｈａｗａｌａ''               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｍａｋｅｓ               ｉｔ               ａ               ｃｒｉｍｅ               ｔｏ               ｓｍｕｇｇｌｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｔｈａｎ               $10,000               ｉｎ               ｃａｓｈ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ＵＳＡ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｅｍｐｏｗｅｒｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｔｒｅａｓｕｒｙ               ｓｅｃｒｅｔａｒｙ               (ａｎｄ               ｉｔｓ               Ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               Ｃｒｉｍｅｓ               Ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔ               Ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               -               ＦｉｎＣＥＮ)               ｔｏ               ｔｉｇｈｔｅｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄ-ｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔｉｎｇ               ｒｕｌｅｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｂａｓｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳＡ.

Ａ               ｎｅｗ               ｉｎｔｅｒ-ａｇｅｎｃｙ               Ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               Ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               Ａｓｓｅｔ               Ｔｒａｃｋｉｎｇ               Ｃｅｎｔｅｒ               (ＦＴＡＴ)               ｗａｓ               ｓｅｔ               ｕｐ.

Ａ               1993               ｍｏｒｉｂｕｎｄ               ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ               ｌａｗ               ｒｅｑｕｉｒｉｎｇ               ＵＳ-ｂａｓｅｄ               Ｈａｌａｗａｄａｒ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｇｉｓｔｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｏ               ｒｅｐｏｒｔ               ｓｕｓｐｉｃｉｏｕｓ               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｍａｙ               ｂｅ               ｒｅｖｉｖｅｄ.

Ｔｈｅｓｅ               ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅｌｙ               ｒａｄｉｃａｌ               ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｂｅｌｉｅｆ               ｔｈａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ａｌ-Ｑａｉｄａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｏｆ               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ｕｓｅｓ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ               ｔｏ               ｒａｉｓｅ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｖｅ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ａｃｒｏｓｓ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｂｏｒｄｅｒｓ.

Ａ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒ               ｉｎ               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ               (Ｄｉｈａｂ               Ｓｈｉｌｌ)               ｗａｓ               ｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｅｄ               ａｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉｅｒ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｔｔａｃｋｓ               ｏｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ａｍｅｒｉｃａｎ               ｅｍｂａｓｓｉｅｓ               ｉｎ               Ｋｅｎｙａ               ａｎｄ               Ｔａｎｚａｎｉａ               ｉｎ               1998.
               Ｂｕｔ               ｔｈｅ               ＵＳＡ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ               ｔｏ               ｆａｃｅ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｍ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅｄ               ｂｙ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ.
               Ｉｎ               ｍｉｄ-2001,               ｔｈｅ               Ｄｅｌｈｉ               ｐｏｌｉｃｅ,               ｔｈｅ               Ｉｎｄｉａｎ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔ'ｓ               Ｅｎｆｏｒｃｅｍｅｎｔ               Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｏｒａｔｅ               (ＥＤ),               ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               Ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ               Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ               (ＭＩ)               ａｒｒｅｓｔｅｄ               ｓｉｘ               Ｊａｍｍｕ               Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒ               Ｉｓｌａｍｉｃ               Ｆｒｏｎｔ               (ＪＫＩＦ)               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ａｒｒｅｓｔｓ               ｌｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｔｈｅ               ｅｘｐｏｓｕｒｅ               ｏｆ               ａｎ               ｅｎｏｒｍｏｕｓ               ｗｅｂ               ｏｆ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               Ｄｅｌｈｉ,               ａｉｄｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ａｂｅｔｔｅｄ,               ｓｏｍｅ               ｓａｙ,               ｂｙ               ｔｈｅ               ＩＳＩ               (Ｉｎｔｅｒ               Ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ               Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ,               Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ'ｓ               ｓｅｃｕｒｉｔｙ               ｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｓ).

Ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋ               ｗａｓ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｕｎｎｅｌ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｔｏ               ｔｅｒｒｏｒｉｓｔ               ｇｒｏｕｐｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｉｓｐｕｔｅｄ               Ｋａｓｈｍｉｒ               Ｖａｌｌｅｙ.
               Ｌｕｃｋｉｌｙ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｍｍｏｎ               ｐｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎ               ｔｈａｔ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｐａｐｅｒｌｅｓｓ               ｉｓ               ｗｒｏｎｇ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｌｅａｖｅｓ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               (ｔｈｏｕｇｈ               ｈｅａｖｉｌｙ               ｅｎｃｒｙｐｔｅｄ)               ｔｒａｉｌｓ.

Ｃｏｕｒｉｅｒｓ               ａｎｄ               "ｃｏｎｔｒａｃｔ               ｍｅｍｏｒｉｚｅｒｓ",               ｇｏｌｄ               ｄｅａｌｅｒｓ,               ｃｏｍｍｏｄｉｔｙ               ｍｅｒｃｈａｎｔｓ,               ｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｅｒｓ,               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｎｅｙｌｅｎｄｅｒｓ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ａｐｐｒｅｈｅｎｄｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｔｅｒｒｏｇａｔｅｄ.

Ｗｒｉｔｔｅｎ,               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ,               ｌｅｔｔｅｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｔｈｅ               ｆａｖｏｕｒｉｔｅ               ｍｏｄｅ               ｏｆ               ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ               ａｍｏｎｇ               ｓｍａｌｌ               ａｎｄ               ｍｅｄｉｕｍ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ,               ｗｈｏ               ａｌｓｏ               ｉｎｖａｒｉａｂｌｙ               ｒｅｓｏｒｔ               ｔｏ               ｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙ               ｄｅｔａｉｌｅｄ               ｓｉｎｇｌｅ               ｅｎｔｒｙ               ｂｏｏｋｋｅｅｐｉｎｇ.

Ａｎｄ               ｔｈｅ               ｓｕｄｄｅｎ               ａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｄｉｓａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅ               ｏｆ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ｉｎ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｈａｖｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｅ               ｅｘｐｌａｉｎｅｄ.

Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ,               ｔｈｅ               ｓｈｅｅｒ               ｓｃａｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ａｍｏｕｎｔｓ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｅｎｔａｉｌｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｏｆ               ｏｆｆ               ｓｈｏｒｅ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｅｓｔａｂｌｉｓｈｅｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               Ｗｅｓｔ.

Ｓｕｃｈ               ｆｌｏｗｓ               ｏｆ               ｆｕｎｄｓ               ａｆｆｅｃｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｏｃａｌ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｍａｒｋｅｔｓ               ｉｎ               Ａｓｉａ               ａｎｄ               ａｒｅ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｔａｎｅｏｕｓｌｙ               ｒｅｆｌｅｃｔｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｉｎｔｅｒｅｓｔ               ｒａｔｅｓ               ｃｈａｒｇｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔ               ｂｏｒｒｏｗｅｒｓ,               ｓｕｃｈ               ａｓ               ｗｈｏｌｅｓａｌｅｒｓ.

Ｓｐｅｎｄｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ               ｐａｔｔｅｒｎｓ               ｃｈａｎｇｅ               ｄｉｓｃｅｒｎｉｂｌｙ               ａｆｔｅｒ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｉｎｆｌｕｘｅｓ.

Ｍｏｓｔ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｅｎｄｓ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｐｒｉｍｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｂｅｈｉｎｄ               ｆｌｉｍｓｙ               ｂｕｓｉｎｅｓｓ               ｆａｃａｄｅｓ.

Ｈａｃｋｅｒｓ               ｉｎ               Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ               ｃｌａｉｍｅｄ               (ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ               ｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇ               ｐｒｏｏｆ)               ｔｏ               ｈａｖｅ               ｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｅｄ               Ｈａｗａｌａ-ｒｅｌａｔｅｄ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ.
               Ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｔｈａｔ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ａｎｄ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｉａｌ               ｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｉｏｎｓ               -               ａｎｄ               ｎｏｔ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｄｏｄｇｙ               ｏｆｆｓｈｏｒｅ               ｈａｖｅｎｓ               ("ｂｌａｃｋ               ｈｏｌｅｓ"               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｌｉｎｇｏ)               -               ｃｌａｍ               ｕｐ               ａｎｄ               ｒｅｆｕｓｅ               ｔｏ               ｄｉｖｕｌｇｅ               ｉｎｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ               ａｂｏｕｔ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｃｌｉｅｎｔｓ.

Ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｉｓ               ｌａｒｇｅｌｙ               ａ               ｍａｔｔｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｆｒａｇｉｌｅ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｂａｎｋ               ａｎｄ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｔｉｇｈｔ               ｓｅｃｒｅｃｙ.

Ｂａｎｋｅｒｓ               ａｒｅ               ｒｅｌｕｃｔａｎｔ               ｔｏ               ｕｎｄｅｒｍｉｎｅ               ｅｉｔｈｅｒ.

Ｂａｎｋｓ               ｕｓｅ               ｍａｉｎｆｒａｍｅ               ｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｓ               ｗｈｉｃｈ               ｃａｎ               ｒａｒｅｌｙ               ｂｅ               ｈａｃｋｅｄ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｃｙｂｅｒｓｐａｃｅ               ａｎｄ               ｃａｎ               ｂｅ               ｃｏｍｐｒｏｍｉｓｅｄ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｌｙ               ｉｎ               ｃｌｏｓｅ               ｃｏ-ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ               ｗｉｔｈ               ｉｎｓｉｄｅｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｓｈａｄｉｅｒ               ｔｈｅ               ｂａｎｋ               -               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｒｅ               ｆｏｒｍｉｄａｂｌｅ               ｉｔｓ               ｄｉｇｉｔａｌ               ｄｅｆｅｎｓｅｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｕｓｅ               ｏｆ               ｎｕｍｂｅｒｅｄ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               (ｏｕｔｌａｗｅｄ               ｉｎ               Ａｕｓｔｒｉａ,               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ｏｎｌｙ               ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙ)               ａｎｄ               ｐｓｅｕｄｏｎｙｍｓ               (ｓｔｉｌｌ               ｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｉｎ               Ｌｉｃｈｔｅｎｓｔｅｉｎ)               ｃｏｍｐｌｉｃａｔｅｓ               ｍａｔｔｅｒｓ.

Ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ'ｓ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｕｎｌｉｋｅｌｙ               ｔｏ               ｂｅａｒ               ｈｉｓ               ｎａｍｅ.

Ｈｅ               ｈａｓ               ｃｏｌｌａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｓ.
               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｎｅｔｗｏｒｋｓ               ａｒｅ               ｏｆｔｅｎ               ｕｓｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｌａｕｎｄｅｒ               ｍｏｎｅｙ,               ｏｒ               ｔｏ               ｅｖａｄｅ               ｔａｘｅｓ.

Ｅｖｅｎ               ｗｈｅｎ               ｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄ               ｆｏｒ               ｌｅｇｉｔｉｍａｔｅ               ｐｕｒｐｏｓｅｓ,               ｔｏ               ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｆｙ               ｔｈｅ               ｒｉｓｋ               ｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒ               ｏｆ               ｌａｒｇｅ               ｓｕｍｓ,               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ               ａｐｐｌｙ               ｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ               ｂｏｒｒｏｗｅｄ               ｆｒｏｍ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｌａｕｎｄｅｒｉｎｇ.

Ｄｅｐｏｓｉｔｓ               ａｒｅ               ｆｒａｇｍｅｎｔｅｄ               ａｎｄ               ｗｉｒｅｄ               ｔｏ               ｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓ               ｏｆ               ｂａｎｋｓ               ｔｈｅ               ｗｏｒｌｄ               ｏｖｅｒ               ("ｓｔａｒｂｕｒｓｔ").

Ｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅｓ,               ｔｈｅ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ｅｎｄｓ               ｕｐ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔ               ｏｆ               ｏｒｉｇｉｎ               ("ｂｏｏｍｅｒａｎｇ").
               Ｈｅｎｃｅ               ｔｈｅ               ｆｏｃｕｓ               ｏｎ               ｐａｙｍｅｎｔ               ｃｌｅａｒｉｎｇ               ａｎｄ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ.

Ｍｏｓｔ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ               ｈａｖｅ               ｏｎｌｙ               ｏｎｅ               ｓｕｃｈ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍ,               ｔｈｅ               ｒｅｐｏｓｉｔｏｒｙ               ｏｆ               ｄａｔａ               ｒｅｇａｒｄｉｎｇ               ａｌｌ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               (ａｎｄ               ｍｏｓｔ               ｎｏｎ-ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ)               ｔｒａｎｓａｃｔｉｏｎｓ               ｉｎ               ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｕｎｔｒｙ.

Ｙｅｔ,               ｅｖｅｎ               ｔｈｉｓ               ｉｓ               ａ               ｐａｒｔｉａｌ               ｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎ.

Ｍｏｓｔ               ｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｍａｉｎｔａｉｎ               ｒｅｃｏｒｄｓ               ｆｏｒ               6-12               ｍｏｎｔｈｓ,               ｐｒｉｖａｔｅ               ｓｅｔｔｌｅｍｅｎｔ               ａｎｄ               ｃｌｅａｒｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ               ｆｏｒ               ｅｖｅｎ               ｌｅｓｓ.
               Ｙｅｔ,               ｔｈｅ               ｃｒｕｘ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅ               ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍ               ｉｓ               ｎｏｔ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａ               ｏｒ               ｔｈｅ               Ｈａｗａｌａｄａｒｓ.

Ｔｈｅ               ｃｏｒｒｕｐｔ               ａｎｄ               ｉｎｅｐｔ               ｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｓ               ｏｆ               Ａｓｉａ               ａｒｅ               ｔｏ               ｂｌａｍｅ               ｆｏｒ               ｎｏｔ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｂａｎｋｉｎｇ               ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒ-ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｉｎｇ               ｅｖｅｒｙｔｈｉｎｇ               ｅｌｓｅ,               ｆｏｒ               ｎｏｔ               ｆｏｓｔｅｒｉｎｇ               ｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｏｎ,               ｆｏｒ               ｔｈｒｏｗｉｎｇ               ｐｕｂｌｉｃ               ｍｏｎｅｙ               ａｔ               ｂａｄ               ｄｅｂｔｓ               ａｎｄ               ａｔ               ｗｏｒｓｅ               ｂｏｒｒｏｗｅｒｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｏｖｅｒ-ｔａｘｉｎｇ,               ｆｏｒ               ｒｏｂｂｉｎｇ               ｐｅｏｐｌｅ               ｏｆ               ｔｈｅｉｒ               ｌｉｆｅ               ｓａｖｉｎｇｓ               ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ               ｃａｐｉｔａｌ               ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓ,               ｆｏｒ               ｔｅａｒｉｎｇ               ａｔ               ｔｈｅ               ｄｅｌｉｃａｔｅ               ｆａｂｒｉｃ               ｏｆ               ｔｒｕｓｔ               ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ               ｃｕｓｔｏｍｅｒ               ａｎｄ               ｂａｎｋ               (Ｐａｋｉｓｔａｎ,               ｆｏｒ               ｉｎｓｔａｎｃｅ,               ｆｒｏｚｅ               ａｌｌ               ｆｏｒｅｉｇｎ               ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅ               ａｃｃｏｕｎｔｓ               ｔｗｏ               ｙｅａｒｓ               ａｇｏ).

Ｐｅｒｈａｐｓ               ｉｆ               Ａｓｉａ               ｈａｄ               ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｙ               ｅｘｐｅｄｉｅｎｔ,               ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｙ               ｐｒｉｃｅｄ,               ｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｙ               ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄ,               ｕｓｅｒ-ｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｙ               ｂａｎｋｓ               -               Ｏｓａｍａ               ｂｉｎ               Ｌａｄｅｎ               ｗｏｕｌｄ               ｈａｖｅ               ｆｏｕｎｄ               ｉｔ               ｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅ               ｔｏ               ｆｉｎａｎｃｅ               ｈｉｓ               ｍｉｓｃｈｉｅｆ               ｓｏ               ｉｎｖｉｓｉｂｌｙ.

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success parenting: four foundations of adult achievementbywhatkidsneedtosucceed

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